Why Icon-Only Design Is Failing Users: The Case for Text Labels

In recent years, the minimalist trend has taken over the design world. Sleek, clean layouts have become synonymous with good design, and the simplest solutions are often the most highly praised.

Within this trend, icons have become an essential visual shorthand, replacing text in the name of simplicity and brevity. However, this obsession with icons is flawed and, frankly, misguided.

As Christopher Butler argues in his article In Defense of Text Labels, icons are not the universally perfect solution they are often made out to be. In fact, their overuse can create confusion, hinder usability, and leave users frustrated.

Let’s take a deep dive into why this trend towards icon-only interfaces may be doing more harm than good—and why text labels are not only necessary, but often a far superior option.

The Dangerous Allure of Icons: A Beautiful Lie

There’s no denying that icons look clean, elegant, and modern. They’re often seen as a mark of sophisticated design—cutting through the clutter and providing an almost Zen-like simplicity. However, the fact that icons are visually appealing does not automatically mean they are more effective at communicating meaning. In fact, their visual shorthand can be disastrous for usability.

Take, for example, the common pencil icon used to represent “edit.” While it seems intuitive to some, the pencil could also easily be confused with icons for “create,” “draw,” or “draft.” Imagine you’re in a complex web application like a project management tool or a customer relationship management (CRM) system, and you have to guess whether the pencil means you can edit, create a new item, or modify something you’re working on. It’s a game of guesswork, and the consequences for choosing the wrong icon can be severe.

Not only do icons rely on users already understanding their meaning, but they also risk becoming ambiguous or even misleading.

Butler argues that users, especially those less familiar with the interface, will often have to waste valuable time interpreting the icons’ intended function. Even the most intuitive icons are still just representations of abstract concepts, and this abstraction creates a cognitive load that slows down users.

The simplicity of an icon may look cleaner, but the added mental effort required to decode what the icon means isn’t so simple.

The Case for Text Labels: Straightforward and Unambiguous

So why should we throw away icons altogether? The answer isn’t as extreme as that, but rather, it’s about striking the right balance.

Text labels should never be disregarded simply to meet the demands of minimalist design. Butler’s argument that text labels provide clarity and reduce confusion is spot on, and there’s a mountain of evidence to support this.

Consider this: when was the last time you opened a webpage or an app and had to pause for a moment to figure out what an icon meant? Text labels, unlike icons, don’t rely on anyone’s interpretation—they are instantly recognizable to anyone familiar with the language. A simple “Save” button, or even a “Delete” label, leaves no room for ambiguity. It’s clear. It’s direct. It’s efficient. No guessing necessary.

In fact, using icons without text labels has been shown to increase cognitive load, especially in apps with many different features or actions. Users have to remember what each icon represents, which can quickly become overwhelming in complex applications.

Text labels, on the other hand, provide the kind of directness that allows users to scan and understand an interface quickly. No hidden meanings, no cryptic visuals. Just clear, simple language.

The Illusion of Universal Understanding

One of the major issues with icon-only interfaces is the assumption that everyone understands what they mean. Iconography, like language, is highly contextual.

A trash can icon, for instance, may universally be understood as “delete” in the United States, but what about other cultures or languages? Can the same assumption be made in Japan, where the concept of “delete” might be conveyed through different visual elements? Or in Europe, where a trash can icon could carry entirely different connotations?

Butler’s article offers an insightful critique of iconography’s limitations, particularly when applied globally. Not all users are familiar with the same visual language.

The same icon could mean one thing in one context and something entirely different in another. What happens when a user encounters an icon that is completely foreign to them? They’ll likely waste precious time trying to figure out what it does. That’s not efficient design—that’s a design flaw.

A Word About Accessibility

Beyond the issue of cultural differences, icons also present serious challenges for accessibility. For users with visual impairments or cognitive disabilities, icons often fail to communicate effectively.

While high-contrast icons with large shapes might help some users, they can still pose a significant barrier to others. Text labels, by contrast, are compatible with screen readers and other assistive technologies, offering an inclusive solution to users who need it the most.

Moreover, there are users who simply prefer reading text labels because they eliminate the uncertainty associated with interpreting icons. Accessibility isn’t just about making designs visually accessible—it’s about ensuring that the full spectrum of users can interact with your site or application. A simple text label can make all the difference for someone struggling with cognitive load or sight impairments.

The Flawed Pursuit of Minimalism

The push for minimalist design is another culprit in the widespread adoption of icon-heavy interfaces. In the race to create cleaner, “more elegant” websites and apps, designers often strip away the very elements that provide clarity and structure. Minimalism, in its extreme form, pushes the idea that more space and fewer words are inherently better, but this is a dangerous assumption.

In reality, there’s nothing elegant about a design that makes users guess what an icon means. Nor is there any beauty in an interface that’s difficult to use. Butler’s critique of minimalism is valuable precisely because it calls out this misplaced obsession with aesthetics over usability. A great design is not defined by how few elements it uses, but by how well those elements serve the user’s needs.

A Call for Real Design Thinking

So, what’s the takeaway? It’s time to abandon the blind obsession with icon-only design and return to a more balanced approach—one that places user understanding at the forefront. Icons have their place, but when it comes to complex interfaces and tasks, text labels offer clarity, consistency, and a more reliable user experience.

Instead of chasing trends for the sake of being “minimal” or “modern,” designers need to take a step back and focus on what makes interfaces intuitive and easy to use. After all, the goal of design isn’t to make something look pretty—it’s to make something work.

In the end, the question isn’t whether icons are a good tool—it’s whether they’re the only tool you should use. When it comes to clear communication, text labels still reign supreme.

So the next time you’re designing a user interface, think twice before replacing every label with an icon. You might just be making your users’ lives a whole lot harder.

Louise North

Louise is a staff writer for WebDesignerDepot. She lives in Colorado, is a mom to two dogs, and when she’s not writing she likes hiking and volunteering.